CRY, CRYING kri'-ing (zaaq, tsa`aq (and forms), qara', shawa`, rinnah; boao, krazo, phoneo): Various words are translated "cry," "crying," etc., the chief of which are those above given; za'aq and tsa`aq denote especially a cry for help, from pain or distress, and are frequently used for crying to God, e.g. (za`aq, Exodus 2:23; Judges 3:9,15; Psal

CRUMB krum (psichion, "a little bit"): Occurs only in the New Testament, of remnants of food, scraps. Lazarus desired "to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table" (Luke 16:21). "Even the (little) dogs eat of the crumbs" (Matthew 15:27; Mark 7:28), "possibly the fragments of bread on which the guests wiped their hands (after thru

CRUEL; CRUELTY kroo'-el, kroo'-el-ti 'akhzar, ("harsh," "fierce," chamac, "violence"): There are various uses of the word "cruel" in the Old Testament: "the cruel (deadly) venom of asps" (Deuteronomy 32:33); spoken of men of relentless hate: "They hate me with cruel hatred" (Psalms 25:19; compare Proverbs 5:9; 11:17; 12:10; Jeremiah 6:23; 50:42)

CRUCIFIXION kroo-si-fik'-shun. See CROSS; PUNISHMENTS. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'CRUCIFIXION'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.

CROWN OF THORNS thornz (akdnthinos stephanos): Three of the four evangelists mention the crown of thorns, wherewith the rude Roman soldiers derided the captive Christ (Matthew 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2). All speak of the akanthine (Acanthus) crown, but there is no certainty about the peculiar plant, from the branches of which this crown of crue

CROWN kroun: The word crown in the Old Testament is a translation of five different Hebrew words, and in the New Testament of two Greek words. These express the several meanings, and must be examined to ascertain the same. 1. In Hebrew: The five Hebrew words are as follows: (1) qodhqodh, from qadhadh; (2) zer, from zarar; (3) nezer, or nezer,

CROSSWAY kros'-wa (perek, literally, "division"): A forking or dividing of the way. Obadiah warns Edom, "And stand thou not in the crossway, to cut off those of his that escape" (Obadiah 1:14). In Septuagint, "a mountain pass." Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry

CROSS (stauros, "a cross," "the crucifixion"; skolops, "a stake," "a pole"): The name is not found in the Old Testament. It is derived from the Latin word crux. In the Greek language it is stauros, but sometimes we find the word skolops used as its Greek equivalent. The historical writers, who transferred the events of Roman history into the Greek

CROP (1) As noun the translation of mur'-ah (Leviticus 1:16), which is the craw of a bird, especially of doves and pigeons, which had to be removed by the priest before he offered the birds as a burnt sacrifice. (2) As a verb it is (Ezekiel 17:4,22) the translation of qaTaph, which has the meaning of "cutting off," "cutting down," "plucking." Copy

CROOKED krook'-ed (`awah, `aqash, `aqalqal, `aqallathon, pethaltol; skolios): Primarily designates something that is bent, twisted or deformed (Isaiah 27:1; 45:2 the King James Version). Figurative: (1) It designates a course of action that deviates from rectitude, especially deceit, guile, hypocrisy (Deuteronomy 32:5; Proverbs 2:15; Ecclesiaste

CROOKED SERPENT krook'-ed sur'-pent. See ASTRONOMY. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'CROOKED SERPENT'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.

CROCODILE, LAND See CHAMELEON. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'CROCODILE, LAND'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.

CROOK-BACKED krook'-bakt (gibben; kurtos): A disqualification for the priesthood (Leviticus 21:20); was probably an angular curvature of the spine, usually the result of tubercular caries of the vertebrae. It was by no means uncommon in ancient Egypt, where I have found a considerable number of spines affected with this disease. Some Talmudic auth

CROCODILE krok'-o-dil. See LEVIATHAN; DRAGON. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'CROCODILE'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.

CRITICISM OF THE BIBLE krit'-i-siz'-m: Criticism in General $ I. Divisions$ 1. Lower or Textual Criticism 2. Higher Criticism $ II. LOWER OR TEXTUAL CRITICISM$ 1. Origin of the Science 2. Methods Employed 3. Causes of Error 4. Weighing of Authorities (1) The Old Testament Manuscripts and Versions (2) The New Testament (a) Manuscripts a

CRITICISM AND ARCHAEOLOGY See ARCHAEOLOGY AND CRITICISM. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'CRITICISM AND ARCHAEOLOGY'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.

CRISPUS kris'-pus (Krispos, "curled"): One of the small number baptized by Paul among the Corinthian Christians (1 Corinthians 1:14). He had been ruler of the Jewish synagogue, but he "believed in the Lord with all his house"; and, following Paul, withdrew from the synagogue (Acts 18:7,8). He seems to have been succeeded by Sosthenes (Acts 18:17).

CRITICISM (The Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis) $ I. PRELIMINARY$ 1. Thesis 2. Historical Perspective 3. Inspiration and Criticism $ II. THE LEGISLATION$ 1. Groups 2. Covenant Code 3. The Sanctuary 4. Kinds of Sacrifice 5. Sacrifice in General 6. Vestments 7. Priests and Levites 8. Dues 9. Miscellaneous 10. Summary 11. Additional Note $

CRISPING PINS kris'-ping: Pins for crisping, or curling, the hair. Thus the King James Version renders Hebrew chariTim (Isaiah 3:22; compare Vulgate). the Revised Version (British and American) substitutes more correctly "satchels" (so Qimchi (compare 2 Kings 5:23); compare Arabic). Others think of girdles; still others of veils or head-bands. Cop

CRIPPLE krip'-'-l (cholos): Only occurs in Acts 14:8, denoting the congenitally lame man at Lystra. In the King James Version (1611) the word is spelled "creeple." It originally meant one whose body is bent together as in the attitude of creeping. This was probably a case of infantile paralysis. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. B