Murder:
Wilful murder was distinguished from accidental homicide, and was invariably visited with capital punishment (Num 35:16,18,21,31; Lev 24:17). This law in its principle is founded on the fact of man's having been made in the likeness of God (Gen 9:5,6; Jhn 8:44; 1Jo 3:12,15). The Mosiac law prohibited any compensation for murder or the reprieve of the murderer (Exd 21:12,14; Deu 19:11,13; 2Sa 17:25; 20:10). Two witnesses were required in any capital case (Num 35:19-30; Deu 17:6-12). If the murderer could not be discovered, the city nearest the scene of the murder was required to make expiation for the crime committed (Deu 21:1-9). These offences also were to be punished with death, (1) striking a parent; (2) cursing a parent; (3) kidnapping (Exd 21:15-17; Deu 27:16).
Murder:
mur'-der (haragh, "to smite," "destroy," "kill," "slay" (Ps 10:8; Ho 9:13 AV]), ratsach, "to dash to pieces," "kill," especially with premeditation (Nu 35:16 and frequently; 3Job 24:14; Ps 94:6; Jer 7:9; Ho 6:9); phoneus, "criminal homicide," from phoneuo, "to kill," "slay"; phonos, from pheno, has the same meaning; anthropoktonos, "manslayer," "murderer," is used to designate Satan (Joh 8:44) and him that hates his brother (1 Joh 3:15); a matricide is designated as metraloas (1Ti 1:9); compare adelphokionos, "fratricidal" (The Wisdom of Solomon 10:3). The plural of phonos, "murders," occurs in Mt 15:19; Mr 7:21; Ga 5:21 the King James Version; Re 9:21; compare 2 Macc 4:3,18; 12:6):
1. Terms:
2. The Hebrew Law:
The Hebrew law recognized the distinction between willful murder and accidental or justifiable homicide (Nu 25:16); but in legal language no verbal distinction is made. Murder was always subject to capital punishment (Le 24:17; compare Ge 9:6). Even if the criminal sought the protection of the sanctuary, he was to be arrested before the altar, and to be punished (Ex 21:12,14; Le 24:17,21; Nu 35:16,18,21,31). The Mishna says that a mortal blow intended for another than the victim is punishable with death; but such a provision is not found in the Law. No special mention is made of
(a) child murder;
(b) parricide; or
(c) taking life by poison;
but the intention of the law is clear with reference to all these eases (Ex 21:15,17; 1Ti 1:9; Mt 15:4). No punishment is mentioned for attempted suicide (compare 1Sa 31:4 f; 1Ki 16:18; Mt 27:5); yet Josephus says (BJ, III, viii, 5) that suicide was held criminal by the Jews (see also Ex 21:23). An animal known to be vicious must be confined, and if it caused the death of anyone, the animal was destroyed and the owner held guilty of murder (Ex 21:29,31). The executioner, according to the terms of the Law, was the "revenger of blood"; but the guilt must be previously determined by the Levitical tribunal. Strong protection was given by the requirement that at least two witnesses must concur in any capital question (Nu 35:19-30; De 17:6-12; 19:12,17). Under the monarchy the duty of executing justice on a murderer seems to have been assumed to some extent by the sovereign, who also had power to grant pardon (2Sa 13:39; 14:7,11; 1Ki 2:34).
Written by Frank E. Hirsch
Murder:
See HOMICIDE
Murder: Forbidden by Mosaic Law
Exd 20:13; Deu 5:17
Murder: Why Forbidden by God
Gen 9:6
Murder: The Law Made to Restrain
1Ti 1:9
Murder: Described as Killing
With premeditation
Exd 21:14
From hatred
Num 35:20,21; Deu 19:11
By lying in wait
Num 35:20; Deu 19:11
By an instrument of iron
Num 35:16
By the blow of a stone
Num 35:17
By a hand weapon of wood
Num 35:18
Murder: Killing a Thief in the Day, Counted As
Exd 22:3
Murder: Early Introduction Of
Gen 4:8
Murder: Represented as a Sin Crying to Heaven
Gen 4:10; Hbr 12:24; Rev 6:10
Murder: The Jews Often Guilty Of
Isa 1:21
Murder: Persons Guilty Of
Fearful and cowardly
Gen 4:14
Wanderers and vagabonds
Gen 4:14
Flee from God's presence
Gen 4:16
Not protected in refuge cities
Deu 19:11,12
Had no protection from altars
Exd 21:14
Not to be pitied or spared
Deu 19:13
Murder: Often Committed by Night
Neh 6:10; Job 24:14
Murder: Imputed to the Nearest City When the Murderer Was
Deu 21:1-3
Murder: Mode of Clearing Those Suspected Of
Deu 21:3-9; Mat 27:24
Murder: To Be Proved by Two Witnesses at Least
Num 35:30; Deu 19:11,15
Murder: Punishment For
The curse of God
Gen 4:11
Death
Gen 9:5,6; Exd 21:12; Num 35:16
Not to be commuted
Num 35:32
Inflicted by the nearest of kin
Num 35:19,21
Forbidden
Gen 9:6; Exd 20:13; Deu 5:17; Rom 13:9
Murder: Explained by Christ
Mat 5:21,22
Murder: Hatred Is
1Jo 3:15
Murder: Is a Work for the Flesh
Gal 5:21
Murder: Comes from the Heart
Mat 15:19
Murder: Defiles The
Hands
Isa 59:3
Person and garments
Lam 4:13,14
Land
Num 35:33; Psa 106:38
Murder: Not Concealed from God
Isa 26:21; Jer 2:34
Murder: Cries for Vengeance
Gen 4:10
Murder: God
Abominates
Pro 6:16,17
Makes inquisition for
Psa 9:12
Will avenge
Deu 32:43; 1Ki 21:19; Hsa 1:4
Requires blood for
Gen 9:5; Num 35:33; 1Ki 2:32
Rejects the prayers of those guilty of
Isa 1:15; 59:2,3
Curses those guilty of
Gen 4:11
Murder: The Law Made to Restrain
1Ti 1:9
Murder: Saints
Specially warned against
1Pe 4:15
Deprecate the guilt of
Psa 51:14
Should warn others against
Gen 37:22; Jer 26:15
Murder: Connected with Idolatry
Eze 22:3,4; 2Ki 3:27
Murder: The Wicked
Filled with
Rom 1:29
Devise
Gen 27:41; 37:18
Intent on
Jer 22:17
Lie in wait to commit
Psa 10:8-10
Swift to commit
Pro 1:16; Rom 3:15
Perpetrate
Job 24:14; Eze 22:3
Have hands full of
Isa 1:15
Encourage others to commit
1Ki 21:8-10; Pro 1:11
Murder: Characteristic of the Devil
Jhn 8:44
Murder: Punishment Of
Gen 4:12-15; 9:6; Num 35:30; 2Ki 9:36,37; Jer 19:4-9
Murder: Punishment Of, Not Commuted under the Law
Num 35:31
Murder: Of Saints, Specially Avenged
Deu 32:43; Mat 23:35; Rev 18:20,24
Murder: Excludes from Heaven
Gal 5:21; Rev 22:15
Murder: Exemplified
Cain
Gen 4:8
Esau
Gen 27:41
Joseph's brethren
Gen 37:20
Pharaoh
Exd 1:22
Abimelech
Jdg 9:5
Men of Shechem
Jdg 9:24
Amalekite
2Sa 1:16
Rechab
2Sa 4:5-7
David
2Sa 12:9
Absalom
2Sa 13:29
Joab
1Ki 2:31,32
Baasha
1Ki 15:27
Zimri
1Ki 16:10
Jezebel
1Ki 21:10
Elders of Jezreel
1Ki 21:13
Ahab
1Ki 21:19
Hazael
2Ki 8:12,15
Adrammelech, &c
2Ki 19:37
Manasseh
2Ki 21:16
Ishmael
Jer 41:7
Princes of Israel
Eze 11:6
People of Gilead
Hsa 6:8
The Herods
Mat 2:16; 14:10; Act 12:2
Herodias and her daughter
Mat 14:8-11
Chief priests
Mat 27:1
Judas
Mat 27:4
Barabbas
Mar 15:7
Jews
Act 7:52; 1Th 2:15
Murder:
is used
(a) of a special act, Mar 15:7; Luk 23:19, 25;
(b) in the plural, of "murders" in general, Mat 15:19; Mar 7:21 (Gal 5:21, in some inferior mss.); Rev 9:21; in the singular, Rom 1:29;
(c) in the sense of "slaughter," Hbr 11:37, "they were slain with the sword," lit., "(they died by) slaughter (of the sword);" in Act 9:1, "slaughter."
See SLAUGHTER.
Note: In Mat 19:18, AV, phoneuo, "to kill" (akin to phoneus, see below), is translated "thou shalt do (no) murder" (RV, "thou shalt (not) kill").
See KILL, SLAY.
Murder:
The law of Moses, while it protected the accidental homicide, defined with additional strictness the crime of murder. It prohibited compensation or reprieve of the murderer, or his protection if he took refuge in the refuge city, or even at the altar of Jehovah (Exodus 21:12; 21:14; Leviticus 24:17; 24:21; 1 Kings 2:5-6; 2:28-31). The duty of executing punishment on the murderer is in the law expressly laid on the "revenger of blood;" but the question of guilt was to be previously decided by the Levitical tribunal. In regal times the duty of execution of justice on a murderer seems to have been assumed to some extent by the sovereign, as was also the privilege of pardon (2 Samuel 13:39; 14:7; 14:11; 1 Kings 2:34). It was lawful to kill a burglar taken at night in the act, but unlawful to do so after sunrise (Exodus 22:2-3).
Manslayer:
man'-sla-er (meratstseach, from ratsach (Nu 35:6,12); androphonos (1Ti 1:9)): A term employed with reference to both premeditated and accidental or justifiable killing. In the latter case, an asylum was granted (Nu 35:6,12) until the death of the high priest, after which the slayer was allowed to "return into the land of his possession" (Nu 35:28). The cases in which the manslayer was to be held clearly immune from the punishment imposed on willful killing were:
(1) death by a blow in a sudden quarrel (Nu 35:22);
(2) death by anything thrown at random (Nu 35:22,23);
(3) death by the blade of an axe flying from the handle (De 19:5).
Among the cases in which one would be held responsible for the death of another, is to be counted the neglectful act of building a house without a parapet (De 22:8).
Manslaughter, as a modern legal term, is employed to distinguish unpremeditated killing from coldblooded murder, but formerly (2 Esdras 1:26) it was used in a more general sense.
Written by Frank E. Hirsch
See MURDER
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